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          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">(7) git之自定义</h1>
        

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        <p>实际上，Git还有很多可配置项。</p>
<p>##让Git显示颜色，会让命令输出看起来更醒目：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ git config --global color.ui true</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>这样，Git会适当地显示不同的颜色，比如<code>git status</code>命令：</p>
<p><img src="http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/14597179-328e7d67fd85390c?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240" alt="git-color"></p>
<p>文件名就会标上颜色。</p>
<p>##忽略特殊文件<br>某些文件放到Git工作目录中，但又不能提交它们，比如保存了数据库密码的配置文件等，每次<code>git status</code>都会显示<code>Untracked files ...</code></p>
<p><strong>在Git工作区的根目录下创建一个特殊的<code>.gitignore</code>文件，然后把要忽略的文件名填进去，Git就会自动忽略这些文件。</strong></p>
<p>不需要从头写<code>.gitignore</code>文件，GitHub已经准备了各种配置文件，只需要组合一下就可以使用了。所有配置文件可以直接在线浏览：<a href="https://github.com/github/gitignore" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/github/gitignore</a></p>
<p>忽略文件的原则是：</p>
<blockquote>
<ol>
<li>忽略操作系统自动生成的文件，比如缩略图等；</li>
<li>忽略编译生成的中间文件、可执行文件等，也就是如果一个文件是通过另一个文件自动生成的，那自动生成的文件就没必要放进版本库，比如Java编译产生的<code>.class</code>文件；</li>
<li>忽略你自己的带有敏感信息的配置文件，比如存放口令的配置文件。</li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
<p>举个例子：</p>
<p>假设你在Windows下进行Python开发，Windows会自动在有图片的目录下生成隐藏的缩略图文件，如果有自定义目录，目录下就会有<code>Desktop.ini</code>文件，因此你需要忽略Windows自动生成的垃圾文件：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"># Windows:</span><br><span class="line">Thumbs.db</span><br><span class="line">ehthumbs.db</span><br><span class="line">Desktop.ini</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>然后，继续忽略Python编译产生的<code>.pyc</code>、<code>.pyo</code>、<code>dist</code>等文件或目录：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"># Python:</span><br><span class="line">*.py[cod]</span><br><span class="line">*.so</span><br><span class="line">*.egg</span><br><span class="line">*.egg-info</span><br><span class="line">dist</span><br><span class="line">build</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>加上你自己定义的文件，最终得到一个完整的<code>.gitignore</code>文件，内容如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"># Windows:</span><br><span class="line">Thumbs.db</span><br><span class="line">ehthumbs.db</span><br><span class="line">Desktop.ini</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"># Python:</span><br><span class="line">*.py[cod]</span><br><span class="line">*.so</span><br><span class="line">*.egg</span><br><span class="line">*.egg-info</span><br><span class="line">dist</span><br><span class="line">build</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"># My configurations:</span><br><span class="line">db.ini</span><br><span class="line">deploy_key_rsa</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>最后一步就是把<code>.gitignore</code>也提交到Git，就完成了！当然检验<code>.gitignore</code>的标准是<code>git status</code>命令是不是说<code>working directory clean</code>。</p>
<p>使用Windows的童鞋注意了，如果你在资源管理器里新建一个<code>.gitignore</code>文件，它会非常弱智地提示你必须输入文件名，但是在文本编辑器里“保存”或者“另存为”就可以把文件保存为<code>.gitignore</code>了。</p>
<p>有些时候，你想添加一个文件到Git，但发现添加不了，原因是这个文件被<code>.gitignore</code>忽略了：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ git add App.class</span><br><span class="line">The following paths are ignored by one of your .gitignore files:</span><br><span class="line">App.class</span><br><span class="line">Use -f if you really want to add them.</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>如果你确实想添加该文件，可以用<code>-f</code>强制添加到Git：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ git add -f App.class</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>或者你发现，可能是<code>.gitignore</code>写得有问题，需要找出来到底哪个规则写错了，可以用<code>git check-ignore</code>命令检查：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ git check-ignore -v App.class</span><br><span class="line">.gitignore:3:*.class    App.class</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>Git会告诉我们，<code>.gitignore</code>的第3行规则忽略了该文件，于是我们就可以知道应该修订哪个规则。</p>
<h3 id="小结"><a href="#小结" class="headerlink" title="小结"></a>小结</h3><ul>
<li><p>忽略某些文件时，需要编写<code>.gitignore</code>；</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>.gitignore</code>文件本身要放到版本库里，并且可以对<code>.gitignore</code>做版本管理！</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>#配置别名</p>
<p>比如敲<code>git st</code>就表示<code>git status</code><br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ git config --global alias.st status</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>当然还有别的命令可以简写，很多人都用<code>co</code>表示<code>checkout</code>，<code>ci</code>表示<code>commit</code>，<code>br</code>表示<code>branch</code>：<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ git config --global alias.co checkout</span><br><span class="line">$ git config --global alias.ci commit</span><br><span class="line">$ git config --global alias.br branch</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>以后提交就可以简写成：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ git ci -m &quot;bala bala bala...&quot;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><strong><code>--global</code>参数是全局参数，也就是这些命令在这台电脑的所有Git仓库下都有用。</strong></p>
<p>命令<code>git reset HEAD file</code>可以把暂存区的修改撤销掉（unstage），重新放回工作区。既然是一个unstage操作，就可以配置一个<code>unstage</code>别名：<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ git config --global alias.unstage &apos;reset HEAD&apos;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>当你敲入命令：<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ git unstage test.py</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>实际上Git执行的是：<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ git reset HEAD test.py</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>配置一个<code>git last</code>，让其显示最后一次提交信息：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ git config --global alias.last &apos;log -1&apos;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>这样，用<code>git last</code>就能显示最近一次的提交：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ git last</span><br><span class="line">commit adca45d317e6d8a4b23f9811c3d7b7f0f180bfe2</span><br><span class="line">Merge: bd6ae48 291bea8</span><br><span class="line">Author: Michael Liao &lt;askxuefeng@gmail.com&gt;</span><br><span class="line">Date:   Thu Aug 22 22:49:22 2013 +0800</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    merge &amp; fix hello.py</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>甚至还有人丧心病狂地把<code>lg</code>配置成了：<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git config --global alias.lg &quot;log --color --graph --pretty=format:&apos;%Cred%h%Creset -%C(yellow)%d%Creset %s %Cgreen(%cr) %C(bold blue)&lt;%an&gt;%Creset&apos; --abbrev-commit&quot;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>来看看<code>git lg</code>的效果：<br><img src="http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/14597179-8a4705577f38c01f?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240" alt="git-lg"><br>为什么不早点告诉我？别激动，咱不是为了多记几个英文单词嘛！</p>
<h1 id="配置文件"><a href="#配置文件" class="headerlink" title="配置文件"></a>配置文件</h1><p>配置Git的时候，加上<code>--global</code>是针对当前用户起作用的，如果不加，那只针对当前的仓库起作用。</p>
<p>配置文件放哪了？每个仓库的Git配置文件都放在<code>.git/config</code>文件中：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ cat .git/config </span><br><span class="line">[core]</span><br><span class="line">    repositoryformatversion = 0</span><br><span class="line">    filemode = true</span><br><span class="line">    bare = false</span><br><span class="line">    logallrefupdates = true</span><br><span class="line">    ignorecase = true</span><br><span class="line">    precomposeunicode = true</span><br><span class="line">[remote &quot;origin&quot;]</span><br><span class="line">    url = git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git</span><br><span class="line">    fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*</span><br><span class="line">[branch &quot;master&quot;]</span><br><span class="line">    remote = origin</span><br><span class="line">    merge = refs/heads/master</span><br><span class="line">[alias]</span><br><span class="line">    last = log -1</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>别名就在<code>[alias]</code>后面，要删除别名，直接把对应的行删掉即可。</p>
<p>而当前用户的Git配置文件放在用户主目录下的一个隐藏文件<code>.gitconfig</code>中：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ cat .gitconfig</span><br><span class="line">[alias]</span><br><span class="line">    co = checkout</span><br><span class="line">    ci = commit</span><br><span class="line">    br = branch</span><br><span class="line">    st = status</span><br><span class="line">[user]</span><br><span class="line">    name = Your Name</span><br><span class="line">    email = your@email.com</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>配置别名也可以直接修改这个文件，如果改错了，可以删掉文件重新通过命令配置。</p>
<h3 id="小结-1"><a href="#小结-1" class="headerlink" title="小结"></a>小结</h3><p>给Git配置好别名，就可以输入命令时偷个懒。</p>

      
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